Technology markets are often complex ecosystems. They may include a multitude of actors: governments, regulators, standardisation or certification bodies, lobbyists, intermediaries, financiers, consultancies, etc.  They are also often characterised by complex “market value chains” whose successive stages are potentially or actually in competition. These stages may range, for example, from component manufacturers to suppliers of complex systems that may mix hard, soft and services. Competitors, who can sometimes also be partners and customers, can build on assets, technological or otherwise, to enter markets where they have not previously been.

This section explores and illustrates different aspects of “market ecosystems” in the technology world.